Weather forecast in Livermore Falls place

There is a light continuous stream of wind that is felt by the face; leaves rustle; ordinary vanes moved by wind.

Wind: light breeze, western, speed 4-7 km/h

On land:

At Sea:

Weak and short waves in the sea, still short, but more pronounced. Crests have a glassy appearance and do not break.

Wind gusts: 18 km/h
Relative humidity: 97-99%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 995-996 hPa
Visibility: 9-50%

Tuesday, November 26, 2024 in Livermore Falls the weather is expected to be like this:

in the evening the air temperature drops to +1...+2°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -0,47°C; ratio of temperature, wind speed and humidity: Slightly dry; precipitation is not expected, light breeze wind blowing from the west at a speed of 4-7 km/h, overcast sky

day length is 09:12

Wednesday, November 27, 2024

The Sun:	Sunrise 06:53, Sunset 16:04.
The Moon:	Moonrise 03:13, Moonset 14:00, Moon phase: waning crescent
	Geomagnetic Field: Quiet
	UV index: 1,1 (Low) Protection from UV radiation from the Sun is not necessary. A UV index reading of 0 to 2 means low danger from the sun's UV rays for the average person. Wear sunglasses on bright days. If you burn easily, cover up and use broad spectrum SPF 30+ sunscreen. Bright surfaces, such as sand, water, and snow, will increase UV exposure.

Light cloud cover in the sky, no precipitation

Air temperature:

-1...+1 °C The air temperature will go down

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Direction of wind shown by smoke drift, but not by wind vanes.

Wind: light air, southwest, speed 4 km/h

On land:

At Sea:

There are very weak waves at sea. Ripples with the appearance of scales are formed, but without foam crests.

Wind gusts: 7 km/h
Relative humidity: 99-100%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 995-996 hPa
Visibility: 2-100%

The sky is overcast, no precipitation

Air temperature:

-1...+4 °C The temperature will rise

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wind: gentle breeze, southwest, speed 4-14 km/h

On land:

The thin branches and leaves on the trees fluctuate continuously; wind extends light flag.

At Sea:

Light and short waves are clearly visible at sea. Foam of glassy appearance. Perhaps scattered white horses.

Wind gusts: 29 km/h
Relative humidity: 73-100%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 996-997 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Air temperature:

+2...+5 °C The temperature will rise

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wind: gentle breeze, southwest, speed 4-14 km/h
Wind gusts: 36 km/h
Relative humidity: 57-72%
Cloudiness: 60%
Atmospheric pressure: 997-999 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Air temperature:

-1...+2 °C The air temperature will go down

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wednesday, November 27, 2024 in Livermore Falls the weather forecast is expected to be like this:

Wind: light air, southwest, speed 4 km/h
Wind gusts: 11 km/h
Relative humidity: 74-82%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 999-1000 hPa
Visibility: 100%

during the night the air temperature drops to -1...+1°C, dew point: -1,86°C; fog may form, with visibility of 483 m; precipitation is not expected, light air wind blowing from the south-west at a speed of 4 km/h, in some places, small clouds may form in the sky
in the morning the air temperature warms up to -1...+4°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -1,72°C; there may be light precipitation, gentle breeze wind blowing from the south-west at a speed of 4-14 km/h, overcast sky
in the afternoon the air temperature warms up to +2...+5°C; too cold: chilly, dew point: -3,83°C; precipitation is not expected, gentle breeze wind blowing from the south-west at a speed of 4-14 km/h, in some places, small clouds may form in the sky
in the evening the air temperature drops to -1...+2°C, dew point: -3,43°C; precipitation is not expected, light air wind blowing from the south-west at a speed of 4 km/h, overcast sky

day length is 09:11

Thursday, November 28, 2024

The Sun:	Sunrise 06:54, Sunset 16:03.
The Moon:	Moonrise 04:18, Moonset 14:20, Moon phase: waning crescent
	Geomagnetic Field: Unstable
	UV index: 0,7 (Low)

during the night the air temperature drops to -1...0°C, dew point: -3,25°C; there may be light precipitation, light air wind blowing from the south-west at a speed of 4 km/h, overcast sky
in the morning the air temperature warms up to 0...+1°C, dew point: -2,91°C; snow is expected, when leaving the house, we recommend that you bring an umbrella, light air wind blowing from the east at a speed of 4 km/h, overcast sky
in the afternoon the air temperature will be +1°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -0,35°C; snow is expected, when leaving the house, we recommend that you bring an umbrella, light breeze wind blowing from the north-east at a speed of 4-11 km/h, overcast sky
in the evening the air temperature will be 0...+2°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -0,2°C; precipitations in the form of heavy snow, snow are expected, gentle breeze wind blowing from the north at a speed of 11-14 km/h, overcast sky

day length is 09:09

Friday, November 29, 2024

The Sun:	Sunrise 06:55, Sunset 16:03.
The Moon:	Moonrise 05:25, Moonset 14:44, Moon phase: waning crescent
	Geomagnetic Field: Unstable
	UV index: 1,1 (Low)

Air temperature:

+1...+2 °C The temperature will rise

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Sometimes short-term rains

Wind: gentle breeze, northwest, speed 11-14 km/h
Wind gusts: 32 km/h
Relative humidity: 80-94%
Cloudiness: 95%
Atmospheric pressure: 985-988 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 0,5 mm
Visibility: 2-33%

Air temperature:

-1...+3 °C The air temperature will go down

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wind: gentle breeze, western, speed 11-18 km/h
Wind gusts: 36 km/h
Relative humidity: 59-80%
Cloudiness: 45%
Atmospheric pressure: 989-993 hPa
Visibility: 94-100%

Air temperature:

0...+4 °C

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wind: light breeze, western, speed 4-11 km/h
Wind gusts: 29 km/h
Relative humidity: 59-73%
Cloudiness: 64%
Atmospheric pressure: 992-993 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Air temperature:

-1...0 °C

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Friday, November 29, 2024 in Livermore Falls the weather forecast is expected to be like this:

Wind: light air, southern, speed 4 km/h
Wind gusts: 7 km/h
Relative humidity: 74-90%
Cloudiness: 84%
Atmospheric pressure: 992-993 hPa
Visibility: 100%

during the night the air temperature warms up to +1...+2°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -1,85°C; very light rain may fall in some places, when leaving the house, we recommend that you bring an umbrella, gentle breeze wind blowing from the north-west at a speed of 11-14 km/h, overcast sky
in the morning the air temperature drops to -1...+3°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -4,96°C; precipitation is not expected, gentle breeze wind blowing from the west at a speed of 11-18 km/h, the sky is clear, without clouds
in the afternoon the air temperature warms up to 0...+4°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -4,62°C; precipitation is not expected, light breeze wind blowing from the west at a speed of 4-11 km/h, in some places, small clouds may form in the sky
in the evening the air temperature drops to -1...0°C, dew point: -3,62°C; precipitation is not expected, light air wind blowing from the south at a speed of 4 km/h, the sky is clear, without clouds

day length is 09:08

Saturday, November 30, 2024

The Sun:	Sunrise 06:57, Sunset 16:03.
The Moon:	Moonrise 06:34, Moonset 15:14, Moon phase: new
	Geomagnetic Field: Unstable
	UV index: 1 (Low)

Air temperature:

-3...-2 °C The air temperature will go down

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Variably cloudy

Wind: light air, southwest, speed 4 km/h
Wind gusts: 7 km/h
Relative humidity: 91-96%
Cloudiness: 64%
Atmospheric pressure: 992 hPa
Visibility: 80-100%

Air temperature:

-3...+2 °C The temperature will rise

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wind: gentle breeze, western, speed 4-14 km/h
Wind gusts: 25 km/h
Relative humidity: 61-97%
Cloudiness: 70%
Atmospheric pressure: 993-995 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Air temperature:

-1...+3 °C The temperature will rise

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wind: gentle breeze, western, speed 7-14 km/h
Wind gusts: 29 km/h
Relative humidity: 55-70%
Cloudiness: 60%
Atmospheric pressure: 993 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Air temperature:

-3...-1 °C The air temperature will go down

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Saturday, November 30, 2024 in Livermore Falls the weather is expected to be like this:

Wind: light breeze, southwest, speed 4-7 km/h
Wind gusts: 14 km/h
Relative humidity: 71-85%
Cloudiness: 92%
Atmospheric pressure: 995 hPa
Visibility: 100%

during the night the air temperature drops to -3...-2°C, dew point: -4,84°C; precipitation is not expected, light air wind blowing from the south-west at a speed of 4 km/h, overcast sky
in the morning the air temperature warms up to -3...+2°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -5,7°C; precipitation is not expected, gentle breeze wind blowing from the west at a speed of 4-14 km/h, in some places, small clouds may form in the sky
in the afternoon the air temperature warms up to -1...+3°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -6,19°C; precipitation is not expected, gentle breeze wind blowing from the west at a speed of 7-14 km/h, in some places, small clouds may form in the sky
in the evening the air temperature drops to -3...-1°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -5,59°C; precipitation is not expected, light breeze wind blowing from the south-west at a speed of 4-7 km/h, in some places, small clouds may form in the sky

day length is 09:06

Sunday, December 1, 2024

The Sun:	Sunrise 06:58, Sunset 16:02.
The Moon:	Moonrise 07:41, Moonset 15:53, Moon phase: new
	Geomagnetic Field: Quiet

Air temperature:

-4...-3 °C The air temperature will go down

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Variably cloudy

Wind: light air, southwest, speed 4 km/h
Wind gusts: 7 km/h
Relative humidity: 85-90%
Cloudiness: 92%
Atmospheric pressure: 996 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Air temperature:

-4...+1 °C The temperature will rise

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wind: light breeze, western, speed 4-7 km/h
Wind gusts: 11 km/h
Relative humidity: 64-93%
Cloudiness: 73%
Atmospheric pressure: 995-996 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Air temperature:

-1...+2 °C The temperature will rise

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wind: light breeze, western, speed 4-7 km/h
Wind gusts: 18 km/h
Relative humidity: 55-65%
Cloudiness: 68%
Atmospheric pressure: 993-995 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Air temperature:

-3...-2 °C The air temperature will go down

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Sunday, December 1, 2024 in Livermore Falls the weather forecast is expected to be like this:

Wind: light air, western, speed 4 km/h
Wind gusts: 7 km/h
Relative humidity: 68-83%
Cloudiness: 92%
Atmospheric pressure: 995 hPa
Visibility: 100%

during the night the air temperature drops to -4...-3°C, dew point: -5,68°C; precipitation is not expected, light air wind blowing from the south-west at a speed of 4 km/h, overcast sky
in the morning the air temperature warms up to -4...+1°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -6,08°C; precipitation is not expected, light breeze wind blowing from the west at a speed of 4-7 km/h, the sky is clear, without clouds
in the afternoon the air temperature warms up to -1...+2°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -7,3°C; precipitation is not expected, light breeze wind blowing from the west at a speed of 4-7 km/h, overcast sky
in the evening the air temperature drops to -3...-2°C, dew point: -7,35°C; precipitation is not expected, light air wind blowing from the west at a speed of 4 km/h, overcast sky

day length is 09:04

Monday, December 2, 2024

The Sun:	Sunrise 06:59, Sunset 16:02.
The Moon:	Moonrise 08:45, Moonset 16:44, Moon phase: waxing crescent
	Geomagnetic Field: Quiet

Air temperature:

-5...-4 °C The air temperature will go down

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wind: light air, western, speed 4 km/h
Wind gusts: 7 km/h
Relative humidity: 86-88%
Cloudiness: 68%
Atmospheric pressure: 993 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Air temperature:

-6...-1 °C The temperature will rise

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wind: gentle breeze, western, speed 4-14 km/h
Wind gusts: 29 km/h
Relative humidity: 57-87%
Cloudiness: 88%
Atmospheric pressure: 993-995 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Air temperature:

-2...0 °C

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wind: gentle breeze, northwest, speed 11-14 km/h
Wind gusts: 32 km/h
Relative humidity: 50-60%
Cloudiness: 92%
Atmospheric pressure: 993-995 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Air temperature:

-4...-3 °C The air temperature will go down

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Monday, December 2, 2024 in Livermore Falls the weather is expected to be like this:

Wind: light breeze, western, speed 7-11 km/h
Wind gusts: 29 km/h
Relative humidity: 64-71%
Cloudiness: 76%
Atmospheric pressure: 995 hPa
Visibility: 100%

during the night the air temperature drops to -5...-4°C, dew point: -8,16°C; precipitation is not expected, light air wind blowing from the west at a speed of 4 km/h, the sky is clear, without clouds
in the morning the air temperature warms up to -6...-1°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -9,23°C; precipitation is not expected, gentle breeze wind blowing from the west at a speed of 4-14 km/h, overcast sky
in the afternoon the air temperature warms up to -2...0°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -10,64°C; precipitation is not expected, gentle breeze wind blowing from the north-west at a speed of 11-14 km/h, the sky is clear, without clouds
in the evening the air temperature drops to -4...-3°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -9,64°C; precipitation is not expected, light breeze wind blowing from the west at a speed of 7-11 km/h, in some places, small clouds may form in the sky

day length is 09:03

Tuesday, December 3, 2024

The Sun:	Sunrise 07:00, Sunset 16:02.
The Moon:	Moonrise 09:39, Moonset 17:45, Moon phase: waxing crescent
	Geomagnetic Field: Quiet

Air temperature:

-4 °C

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wind: gentle breeze, western, speed 11 km/h
Wind gusts: 32 km/h
Relative humidity: 71-74%
Cloudiness: 55%
Atmospheric pressure: 995-996 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Air temperature:

-5...-2 °C The temperature will rise

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wind: gentle breeze, western, speed 14-18 km/h
Wind gusts: 43 km/h
Relative humidity: 58-71%
Cloudiness: 67%
Atmospheric pressure: 997-999 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Air temperature:

-3...-1 °C The temperature will rise

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wind: gentle breeze, northwest, speed 14-18 km/h
Wind gusts: 47 km/h
Relative humidity: 55-62%
Cloudiness: 71%
Atmospheric pressure: 999-1000 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Air temperature:

-4...-3 °C The air temperature will go down

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Tuesday, December 3, 2024 in Livermore Falls the weather forecast is expected to be like this:

Wind: gentle breeze, northwest, speed 14 km/h
Wind gusts: 40 km/h
Relative humidity: 65-68%
Cloudiness: 39%
Atmospheric pressure: 1000-1001 hPa
Visibility: 100%

during the night the air temperature will be -4°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -8,8°C; precipitation is not expected, gentle breeze wind blowing from the west at a speed of 11 km/h, in some places, small clouds may form in the sky
in the morning the air temperature warms up to -5...-2°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -9,35°C; precipitation is not expected, gentle breeze wind blowing from the west at a speed of 14-18 km/h, in some places, small clouds may form in the sky
in the afternoon the air temperature warms up to -3...-1°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -9,36°C; precipitation is not expected, gentle breeze wind blowing from the north-west at a speed of 14-18 km/h, overcast sky
in the evening the air temperature drops to -4...-3°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -9,42°C; precipitation is not expected, gentle breeze wind blowing from the north-west at a speed of 14 km/h, the sky is clear, without clouds

day length is 09:02

Wednesday, December 4, 2024

The Sun:	Sunrise 07:01, Sunset 16:01.
The Moon:	Moonrise 10:24, Moonset 18:55, Moon phase: waxing crescent
	Geomagnetic Field: Quiet

Air temperature:

-5 °C

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wind: gentle breeze, western, speed 11 km/h
Wind gusts: 36 km/h
Relative humidity: 68-74%
Cloudiness: 37%
Atmospheric pressure: 1001 hPa
Visibility: 100%

The sky is overcast, no precipitation

Air temperature:

-6...-3 °C The temperature will rise

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wind: light breeze, western, speed 7 km/h
Wind gusts: 18 km/h
Relative humidity: 56-77%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 999-1001 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Air temperature:

-3...-2 °C The temperature will rise

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wind: light air, southern, speed 4 km/h
Wind gusts: 11 km/h
Relative humidity: 52-65%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 995-997 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Wednesday, December 4, 2024 in Livermore Falls the weather is expected to be like this:

Air temperature:

-4 °C

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Light snow expected

Wind: light air, northern, speed 4 km/h
Wind gusts: 7 km/h
Relative humidity: 68-79%
Cloudiness: 99%
Atmospheric pressure: 993-995 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 0,1 mm
Visibility: 36-100%

during the night the air temperature drops to -5°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -9,74°C; precipitation is not expected, gentle breeze wind blowing from the west at a speed of 11 km/h, in some places, small clouds may form in the sky
in the morning the air temperature warms up to -6...-3°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -10,32°C; there may be light precipitation, light breeze wind blowing from the west at a speed of 7 km/h, overcast sky
in the afternoon the air temperature warms up to -3...-2°C, dew point: -10,3°C; precipitation is not expected, light air wind blowing from the south at a speed of 4 km/h, overcast sky
in the evening the air temperature drops to -4°C, dew point: -8,77°C; snowfall is expected, light air wind blowing from the north at a speed of 4 km/h, overcast sky

day length is 09:00

Thursday, December 5, 2024

The Sun:	Sunrise 07:02, Sunset 16:01.
The Moon:	Moonrise 10:59, Moonset 20:10, Moon phase: waxing crescent
	Geomagnetic Field: Active

Air temperature:

-5...-4 °C The air temperature will go down

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wind: light breeze, northwest, speed 4-7 km/h
Wind gusts: 22 km/h
Relative humidity: 81-90%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 993-996 hPa
Visibility: 60-100%

Air temperature:

-6...-4 °C The temperature will rise

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wind: gentle breeze, northwest, speed 7-18 km/h
Wind gusts: 40 km/h
Relative humidity: 49-72%
Cloudiness: 2%
Atmospheric pressure: 997-999 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Air temperature:

-5...-3 °C The temperature will rise

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wind: gentle breeze, northwest, speed 18 km/h
Wind gusts: 43 km/h
Relative humidity: 46-60%
Cloudiness: 5%
Atmospheric pressure: 999 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Air temperature:

-6 °C

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Thursday, December 5, 2024 in Livermore Falls the weather forecast is expected to be like this:

Wind: gentle breeze, northwest, speed 14 km/h
Wind gusts: 47 km/h
Relative humidity: 61-64%
Cloudiness: 5%
Atmospheric pressure: 1000-1001 hPa
Visibility: 100%

during the night the air temperature drops to -5...-4°C, dew point: -8,45°C; precipitation is not expected, light breeze wind blowing from the north-west at a speed of 4-7 km/h, the sky is clear, without clouds
in the morning the air temperature warms up to -6...-4°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -13,15°C; precipitation is not expected, gentle breeze wind blowing from the north-west at a speed of 7-18 km/h, the sky is clear, without clouds
in the afternoon the air temperature warms up to -5...-3°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -12,95°C; precipitation is not expected, gentle breeze wind blowing from the north-west at a speed of 18 km/h, the sky is clear, without clouds
in the evening the air temperature drops to -6°C; too cold: slight increase in discomfort; low risk of frostbite; need to dress warmly and to stay dry, dew point: -12,16°C; precipitation is not expected, gentle breeze wind blowing from the north-west at a speed of 14 km/h, the sky is clear, without clouds

day length is 08:59

Friday, December 6, 2024

The Sun:	Sunrise 07:03, Sunset 16:01.
The Moon:	Moonrise 11:27, Moonset 21:26, Moon phase: waxing crescent
	Geomagnetic Field: Active

Air temperature:

-7...-6 °C The air temperature will go down

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wind: gentle breeze, northwest, speed 7-11 km/h
Wind gusts: 40 km/h
Relative humidity: 65-74%
Cloudiness: 1%
Atmospheric pressure: 1001-1004 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Air temperature:

-7...-3 °C The temperature will rise

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wind: light breeze, northwest, speed 4-7 km/h
Wind gusts: 14 km/h
Relative humidity: 53-77%
Cloudiness: 2%
Atmospheric pressure: 1004-1005 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Air temperature:

-3...-1 °C The temperature will rise

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:

Wind: light air, southern, speed 4 km/h
Wind gusts: 7 km/h
Relative humidity: 48-62%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 1004 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Air temperature:

-4...-3 °C The air temperature will go down

Weather patterns and meteorological conditions: