Weather forecast and meteo conditions in Ukraine and the world

USAUSACommonwealth of MassachusettsWest Springfield

Weather in West Springfield

Current time in West Springfield:

 
:
 
Local time.
Time zone: GMT
winter time
* weather indicated in local time
Thursday, December 19, 2024
The Sun:  Sunrise 07:15, Sunset 16:21.
The Moon:  Moonrise 20:59, Moonset 10:41, Moon phase: waning gibbous waning gibbous
 Geomagnetic Field: Quiet

in the eveningfrom 19:00 to 00:00The sky is overcast, no precipitation
Air temperature:
 -1...+2 °CThe air temperature will go down
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
The sky is overcast, no precipitation
northwest
Wind: light breeze, northwest, speed 4-7 km/h
On land:
There is a light continuous stream of wind that is felt by the face; leaves rustle; ordinary vanes moved by wind.
At Sea:
Weak and short waves in the sea, still short, but more pronounced. Crests have a glassy appearance and do not break.

Wind gusts: 25 km/h
Relative humidity: 68-76%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 1023 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Friday, December 20, 2024
The Sun:  Sunrise 07:15, Sunset 16:22.
The Moon:  Moonrise 22:04, Moonset 11:04, Moon phase: waning gibbous waning gibbous
 Geomagnetic Field: Quiet
 UV index: 0,6 (Low)
Protection from UV radiation from the Sun is not necessary. A UV index reading of 0 to 2 means low danger from the sun's UV rays for the average person. Wear sunglasses on bright days. If you burn easily, cover up and use broad spectrum SPF 30+ sunscreen. Bright surfaces, such as sand, water, and snow, will increase UV exposure.

at nightfrom 00:01 to 06:00The sky is overcast, no precipitation
Air temperature:
 -2...-1 °CThe air temperature will go down
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
The sky is overcast, no precipitation
northeast
Wind: light breeze, northeast, speed 7 km/h
Wind gusts: 14 km/h
Relative humidity: 70-79%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 1021-1023 hPa
Visibility: 100%

in the morningfrom 06:01 to 12:00The sky is overcast, no precipitation
Air temperature:
 -2...0 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
The sky is overcast, no precipitation
northern
Wind: light breeze, northern, speed 7-11 km/h
Wind gusts: 25 km/h
Relative humidity: 63-69%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 1019-1021 hPa
Visibility: 100%

by dayfrom 12:01 to 18:00Light snow expected
Air temperature:
 -1...+1 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Light snow expected
northern
Wind: gentle breeze, northern, speed 14 km/h
On land:
The thin branches and leaves on the trees fluctuate continuously; wind extends light flag.
At Sea:
Light and short waves are clearly visible at sea. Foam of glassy appearance. Perhaps scattered white horses.

Wind gusts: 32 km/h
Relative humidity: 71-82%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 1013-1017 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 0,9 mm
Visibility: 71-100%

in the eveningfrom 18:01 to 00:00Light snow expected
Air temperature:
 -2...-1 °CThe air temperature will go down
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Light snow expected
northern
Wind: gentle breeze, northern, speed 14 km/h
Wind gusts: 36 km/h
Relative humidity: 79-84%
Cloudiness: 96%
Atmospheric pressure: 1011-1013 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 0,2 mm
Visibility: 16-97%

Saturday, December 21, 2024
The Sun:  Sunrise 07:16, Sunset 16:22.
The Moon:  Moonrise 23:07, Moonset 11:23, Moon phase: waning gibbous waning gibbous
 Geomagnetic Field: Quiet
 UV index: 0,7 (Low)

at nightfrom 00:01 to 06:00Cloudy sky, no precipitation
Air temperature:
 -3...-2 °CThe air temperature will go down
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Cloudy sky, no precipitation
northern
Wind: light breeze, northern, speed 7-11 km/h
Wind gusts: 29 km/h
Relative humidity: 80-83%
Cloudiness: 97%
Atmospheric pressure: 1008-1011 hPa
Visibility: 56-100%

in the morningfrom 06:01 to 12:00Snow expected
Air temperature:
 -3...-2 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Snow expected
northern
Wind: light breeze, northern, speed 4-11 km/h
Wind gusts: 22 km/h
Relative humidity: 80-92%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 1009-1012 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 2 mm
Visibility: 2-99%

by dayfrom 12:01 to 18:00Light snow expected
Air temperature:
 -4...-2 °CThe temperature will not change
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Light snow expected
northwest
Wind: gentle breeze, northwest, speed 18 km/h
Wind gusts: 40 km/h
Relative humidity: 53-68%
Cloudiness: 98%
Atmospheric pressure: 1011-1015 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 0,1 mm
Visibility: 50-100%

in the eveningfrom 18:01 to 00:00Light cloud cover in the sky, no precipitation
Air temperature:
 -8...-5 °CThe air temperature will go down
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Light cloud cover in the sky, no precipitation
northwest
Wind: gentle breeze, northwest, speed 18 km/h
Wind gusts: 40 km/h
Relative humidity: 53-57%
Cloudiness: 38%
Atmospheric pressure: 1015-1019 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Sunday, December 22, 2024
The Sun:  Sunrise 07:16, Sunset 16:23.
The Moon:  Moonrise --:--, Moonset 11:41, Moon phase: waning gibbous waning gibbous
 Geomagnetic Field: Quiet
 UV index: 1,2 (Low)

at nightfrom 00:01 to 06:00Clear skies, no precipitation
Air temperature:
 -11...-8 °CThe air temperature will go down
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Clear skies, no precipitation
northwest
Wind: gentle breeze, northwest, speed 14-18 km/h
Wind gusts: 36 km/h
Relative humidity: 52-54%
Cloudiness: 0%
Atmospheric pressure: 1019-1021 hPa
Visibility: 100%

in the morningfrom 06:01 to 12:00Clear skies, no precipitation
Air temperature:
 -11...-7 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Clear skies, no precipitation
northwest
Wind: gentle breeze, northwest, speed 14-18 km/h
Wind gusts: 36 km/h
Relative humidity: 41-54%
Cloudiness: 0%
Atmospheric pressure: 1023-1027 hPa
Visibility: 100%

by dayfrom 12:01 to 18:00Clear skies, no precipitation
Air temperature:
 -8...-6 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Clear skies, no precipitation
northwest
Wind: gentle breeze, northwest, speed 11-18 km/h
Wind gusts: 36 km/h
Relative humidity: 35-41%
Cloudiness: 0%
Atmospheric pressure: 1025-1029 hPa
Visibility: 100%

in the eveningfrom 18:01 to 00:00Clear skies, no precipitation
Air temperature:
 -10...-8 °CThe air temperature will go down
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Clear skies, no precipitation
northwest
Wind: light breeze, northwest, speed 4-11 km/h
Wind gusts: 25 km/h
Relative humidity: 44-54%
Cloudiness: 0%
Atmospheric pressure: 1029-1032 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Monday, December 23, 2024
The Sun:  Sunrise 07:17, Sunset 16:23.
The Moon:  Moonrise 00:08, Moonset 11:59, Moon phase: in its last quarter in its last quarter
 Geomagnetic Field: Quiet
 UV index: 1,4 (Low)

at nightfrom 00:01 to 06:00Clear skies, no precipitation
Air temperature:
 -11...-10 °CThe air temperature will go down
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Clear skies, no precipitation
northwest
Wind: light air, northwest, speed 4 km/h
On land:
Direction of wind shown by smoke drift, but not by wind vanes.
At Sea:
There are very weak waves at sea. Ripples with the appearance of scales are formed, but without foam crests.

Wind gusts: 11 km/h
Relative humidity: 56-63%
Cloudiness: 4%
Atmospheric pressure: 1032-1033 hPa
Visibility: 100%

in the morningfrom 06:01 to 12:00Variably cloudy
Air temperature:
 -12...-6 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Variably cloudy
southwest
Wind: light air, southwest, speed 4 km/h
Wind gusts: 11 km/h
Relative humidity: 43-66%
Cloudiness: 83%
Atmospheric pressure: 1033-1035 hPa
Visibility: 100%

by dayfrom 12:01 to 18:00Cloudy sky, no precipitation
Air temperature:
 -5...-4 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Cloudy sky, no precipitation
southern
Wind: light breeze, southern, speed 7-11 km/h
Wind gusts: 25 km/h
Relative humidity: 35-40%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 1031-1033 hPa
Visibility: 100%

in the eveningfrom 18:01 to 00:00The sky is overcast, no precipitation
Air temperature:
 -5...-4 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
The sky is overcast, no precipitation
southern
Wind: light breeze, southern, speed 7-11 km/h
Wind gusts: 29 km/h
Relative humidity: 42-62%
Cloudiness: 99%
Atmospheric pressure: 1029-1031 hPa
Visibility: 100%

Tuesday, December 24, 2024
The Sun:  Sunrise 07:17, Sunset 16:24.
The Moon:  Moonrise 01:09, Moonset 12:18, Moon phase: in its last quarter in its last quarter
 Geomagnetic Field: Quiet

at nightfrom 00:01 to 06:00Light snow expected
Air temperature:
 -5...-3 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Light snow expected
southeast
Wind: gentle breeze, southeast, speed 4-14 km/h
Wind gusts: 47 km/h
Relative humidity: 60-67%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 1027-1028 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 0,3 mm
Visibility: 33-100%

in the morningfrom 06:01 to 12:00Snow expected
Air temperature:
 -3...-2 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Snow expected
northeast
Wind: gentle breeze, northeast, speed 11-14 km/h
Wind gusts: 47 km/h
Relative humidity: 69-75%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 1027-1028 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 1,4 mm
Visibility: 2-46%

by dayfrom 12:01 to 18:00Light snow expected
Air temperature:
 -2...0 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Light snow expected
northern
Wind: gentle breeze, northern, speed 7-11 km/h
Wind gusts: 29 km/h
Relative humidity: 76-80%
Cloudiness: 98%
Atmospheric pressure: 1025-1032 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 0,3 mm
Visibility: 66-100%

in the eveningfrom 18:01 to 00:00Light snow expected
Air temperature:
 -2...-1 °CThe air temperature will go down
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Light snow expected
northern
Wind: light breeze, northern, speed 4-7 km/h
Wind gusts: 11 km/h
Relative humidity: 68-90%
Cloudiness: 97%
Atmospheric pressure: 1032 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 0,6 mm
Visibility: 77-98%

Wednesday, December 25, 2024
The Sun:  Sunrise 07:17, Sunset 16:25.
The Moon:  Moonrise 02:11, Moonset 12:38, Moon phase: in its last quarter in its last quarter
 Geomagnetic Field: Quiet

at nightfrom 00:01 to 06:00Light snow expected
Air temperature:
 -3...-2 °CThe air temperature will go down
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Light snow expected
northern
Wind: light breeze, northern, speed 7 km/h
Wind gusts: 14 km/h
Relative humidity: 91-95%
Cloudiness: 99%
Atmospheric pressure: 1031 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 1,3 mm
Visibility: 84-100%

in the morningfrom 06:01 to 12:00Light snow expected
Air temperature:
 -3...+1 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Light snow expected
northern
Wind: gentle breeze, northern, speed 4-11 km/h
Wind gusts: 22 km/h
Relative humidity: 89-93%
Cloudiness: 97%
Atmospheric pressure: 1031 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 1,1 mm
Visibility: 86-100%

by dayfrom 12:01 to 18:00Light snow expected
Air temperature:
 -1...+2 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Light snow expected
northern
Wind: gentle breeze, northern, speed 7-14 km/h
Wind gusts: 25 km/h
Relative humidity: 85-91%
Cloudiness: 99%
Atmospheric pressure: 1028-1029 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 0,2 mm
Visibility: 99-100%

in the eveningfrom 18:01 to 00:00Cloudy sky, no precipitation
Air temperature:
 -4...-2 °CThe air temperature will go down
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Cloudy sky, no precipitation
northwest
Wind: light breeze, northwest, speed 4-7 km/h
Wind gusts: 14 km/h
Relative humidity: 74-80%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 1025-1027 hPa
Visibility: 99-100%

Thursday, December 26, 2024
The Sun:  Sunrise 07:18, Sunset 16:25.
The Moon:  Moonrise 03:14, Moonset 13:02, Moon phase: waning crescent waning crescent
 Geomagnetic Field: Quiet

at nightfrom 00:01 to 06:00Cloudy sky, no precipitation
Air temperature:
 -4 °CThe air temperature will go down
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Cloudy sky, no precipitation
northwest
Wind: light air, northwest, speed 4 km/h
Wind gusts: 7 km/h
Relative humidity: 79-80%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 1025-1027 hPa
Visibility: 100%

in the morningfrom 06:01 to 12:00The sky is overcast, no precipitation
Air temperature:
 -4...0 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
The sky is overcast, no precipitation
northern
Wind: light breeze, northern, speed 4-7 km/h
Wind gusts: 14 km/h
Relative humidity: 67-77%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 1027-1028 hPa
Visibility: 100%

by dayfrom 12:01 to 18:00The sky is overcast, no precipitation
Air temperature:
 -1...+2 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
The sky is overcast, no precipitation
northern
Wind: light breeze, northern, speed 7 km/h
Wind gusts: 18 km/h
Relative humidity: 71-86%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 1027-1028 hPa
Visibility: 100%

in the eveningfrom 18:01 to 00:00Cloudy sky, no precipitation
Air temperature:
 -4...-1 °CThe air temperature will go down
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Cloudy sky, no precipitation
northern
Wind: light air, northern, speed 4 km/h
Wind gusts: 11 km/h
Relative humidity: 87-95%
Cloudiness: 92%
Atmospheric pressure: 1021-1029 hPa
Visibility: 2-100%

Friday, December 27, 2024
The Sun:  Sunrise 07:18, Sunset 16:26.
The Moon:  Moonrise 04:20, Moonset 13:31, Moon phase: waning crescent waning crescent
 Geomagnetic Field: Quiet

at nightfrom 00:01 to 06:00Snow expected
Air temperature:
 -4 °CThe air temperature will go down
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Snow expected
northern
Wind: light air, northern, speed 4 km/h
Relative humidity: 93-95%
Cloudiness: 99%
Atmospheric pressure: 1020 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 0,9 mm
Visibility: 99-100%

in the morningfrom 06:01 to 12:00Light snow expected
Air temperature:
 -4...-1 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Light snow expected
northeast
Wind: light air, northeast, speed 4 km/h
Relative humidity: 83-94%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 1021 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 3,3 mm
Visibility: 86-100%

by dayfrom 12:01 to 18:00Snow and rain expected
Air temperature:
 -1 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Snow and rain expected
eastern
Wind: light air, eastern, speed 4 km/h
Relative humidity: 88-93%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 1020 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 1,1 mm
Visibility: 58-90%

in the eveningfrom 18:01 to 00:00Light snow expected
Air temperature:
 -1 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Light snow expected
southeast
Wind: light air, southeast, speed 4 km/h
Relative humidity: 93-94%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 1021 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 0,9 mm
Visibility: 95-100%

Saturday, December 28, 2024
The Sun:  Sunrise 07:18, Sunset 16:27.
The Moon:  Moonrise 05:26, Moonset 14:09, Moon phase: waning crescent waning crescent
 Geomagnetic Field: Quiet

at nightfrom 00:01 to 06:00Light snow expected
Air temperature:
 0 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Light snow expected
southern
Wind: light air, southern, speed 4 km/h
Relative humidity: 95-97%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 1021 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 1,3 mm
Visibility: 100%

in the morningfrom 06:01 to 12:00Snow and rain expected
Air temperature:
 0...+4 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Snow and rain expected
southern
Wind: light air, southern, speed 4 km/h
Wind gusts: 7 km/h
Relative humidity: 90-98%
Cloudiness: 99%
Atmospheric pressure: 1021-1023 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 1,5 mm
Visibility: 100%

by dayfrom 12:01 to 18:00The sky is overcast, no precipitation
Air temperature:
 +3...+5 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
The sky is overcast, no precipitation
southeast
Wind: light air, southeast, speed 4 km/h
Wind gusts: 11 km/h
Relative humidity: 90-99%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 1021 hPa
Visibility: 93-100%

in the eveningfrom 18:01 to 00:00The sky is overcast, no precipitation
Air temperature:
 +2 °CThe air temperature will go down
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
The sky is overcast, no precipitation
southeast
Wind: light air, southeast, speed 4 km/h
Relative humidity: 99%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 1023 hPa
Visibility: 2-89%

Sunday, December 29, 2024
The Sun:  Sunrise 07:18, Sunset 16:28.
The Moon:  Moonrise 06:31, Moonset 14:57, Moon phase: waning crescent waning crescent
 Geomagnetic Field: Quiet

at nightfrom 00:01 to 06:00The sky is overcast, no precipitation
Air temperature:
 +1 °CThe air temperature will go down
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
The sky is overcast, no precipitation
northeast
Wind: light air, northeast, speed 4 km/h
Relative humidity: 99%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 1021 hPa
Visibility: 2-58%

in the morningfrom 06:01 to 12:00The sky is overcast, no precipitation
Air temperature:
 +2...+3 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
The sky is overcast, no precipitation
northeast
Wind: light air, northeast, speed 4 km/h
Wind gusts: 18 km/h
Relative humidity: 98-99%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 1019-1021 hPa
Visibility: 43-56%

by dayfrom 12:01 to 18:00Rain expected
Air temperature:
 +4...+5 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Rain expected
northeast
Wind: light breeze, northeast, speed 4-7 km/h
Wind gusts: 32 km/h
Relative humidity: 98%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 1013-1017 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 3,6 mm
Visibility: 22-42%

in the eveningfrom 18:01 to 00:00Rain expected
Air temperature:
 +6...+8 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Rain expected
eastern
Wind: gentle breeze, eastern, speed 11-14 km/h
Wind gusts: 54 km/h
Relative humidity: 96-97%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 1007-1013 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 20,6 mm
Visibility: 10-27%

Monday, December 30, 2024
The Sun:  Sunrise 07:19, Sunset 16:28.
The Moon:  Moonrise 07:30, Moonset 15:55, Moon phase: new new
 Geomagnetic Field: Quiet

at nightfrom 00:01 to 06:00Rain expected
Air temperature:
 +9...+11 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Rain expected
eastern
Wind: gentle breeze, eastern, speed 11-14 km/h
Wind gusts: 50 km/h
Relative humidity: 96-97%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 999-1004 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 28,1 mm
Visibility: 8-15%

in the morningfrom 06:01 to 12:00Rain expected
Air temperature:
 +10...+11 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Rain expected
eastern
Wind: light breeze, eastern, speed 7-11 km/h
Wind gusts: 36 km/h
Relative humidity: 98-99%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 993-999 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 7,7 mm
Visibility: 2-11%

by dayfrom 12:01 to 18:00Rain expected
Air temperature:
 +12...+15 °CThe temperature will rise
Weather patterns and meteorological conditions:
Rain expected
southeast
Wind: moderate breeze, southeast, speed 11-22 km/h
On land:
The wind picks up dust and small pieces of paper; small branches are moved.
At Sea:
The sea is moderately rough. Waves appear in the form of elongated ridges, some of which are overturned; fairly frequent white horses.

Wind gusts: 58 km/h
Relative humidity: 95-98%
Cloudiness: 100%
Atmospheric pressure: 987-991 hPa
Amount of precipitations: 21,9 mm
Visibility: 6-33%

Temperature trend on the chart

weather in nearby cities

temperature in West SpringfieldHourly weather forecast in West Springfieldweather in West Springfield todayweather in West Springfield tomorrowweather in West Springfield for 3 daysweather in West Springfield for 5 daysweather in West Springfield for a weeksunrise and sunset in West Springfieldrising and setting of the Moon in West Springfieldexact time in West Springfield

Additional data

Country:USA
Telephone country code:+1
Location:Commonwealth of Massachusetts
District:Hampden County
The name of the city or village:West Springfield
Time zone:America/New_York, GMT . winter time
Coordinates:Latitude: 42.107; Longitude: -72.6204;
Aliases (In other languages):English: West SpringfieldРусский: Вест СпрингфайедУкраїнська: Вест Спрінґфайєд
 
Ireland, Vehst Springfild, Vest Springfild, aspryngfyld ghrby masachwst, u~esutosupuringufirudo, wyst sbrynghfyld, xi si pu lin fei er de, Вест Спрингфилд, Вэст Спрингфилд, اسپرینگفیلد غربی، ماساچوست, ويست سبرينغفيلد, ویسٹ سپرنگفیلڈ، میساچوسٹس, ウェストスプリングフィールド, 西斯普林菲尔德
The project was created and is maintained by FDSTAR company, 2024

Weather in West Springfield

© MeteoCast.ua - weather forecast in your city and your country. All rights reserved, 2024
Privacy Policy
Options of weather forecast displaying
Display temperature:  
 
 
Show the pressure:  
 
 
Display wind speed: